Published by The Journal
of Development Communication, ISSN 0128-3863, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2009, Pages. 61-71
INFORMATION SEEKING IN THE
ICT AGE:
A STUDY OF HOW YOUNG AND OLD MALAY INTERNET
USERS
RESPOND TO THE NEW
PHENOMENON
Ali Salman and Mohd Safar Hasim
School of Media and Communication Studies
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Abstract
During the last twenty years rapid developments in technology have led to changes in the way we work, play, learn, and carry out social and business transactions. Technology has become an integral part of society’s everyday information environment. Net Generation will depend on their ability to navigate in a global knowledge economy where access and being able to use information to generate new knowledge are key attributes. The aim of this paper is to discuss information seeking among younger and older Malay internet users. For this purpose, the use of internet as an information source will be looked into. This study used the survey research for obtaining data. Some 357 Malay internet users were sampled from the Malay internet users in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, a sub-urban town in the North-east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The break down comprise of 225 young Malays and 132 older Malay respondents. They were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analyses were used to analyse the data. From the results newspaper and internet both emerged the main sources of information for the younger Malay internet users with 96.9% of the respondents using both as sources of information. While for the older Malay internet users, newspaper was the main source of information with 94.7% of the respondents using it as information source. Majority of the young Malay respondents, 81.8% use the Internet one to four hours a day, whereas for the older Malay internet users, majority (79.6%) uses the Internet one to three hours a day. Whereas 85.8% of the young Malay Internet users use email as the main purpose of using the Internet, only 73.5% of the older respondents use the Internet for this purpose. More Malay younger generation use the internet to get information than the older Malay internet users. Moreover, while seeking for education related information is the third main purpose of usage for the younger users, work related information and usage emerged as the third main purpose for the older generation.
Key words: Internet, email communication, information source, information seeking
1. Prof Dr Mohd Safar Hasim
School of Media and Communication Studies
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2. Ali Salman, PhD
Post Doctoral Fellow
School of Media and Communication Studies
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Introduction
During the last twenty years rapid
developments in technology have led to changes in the way we work, play and
learn. There is a kind of new revolution in the making,
IT revolution. Castells (2000) notes that the current process of technological
transformation expands exponentially because of its ability to create an
interface between technological fields through common digital language in which
information is generated, stored, retrieved, processed, and transmitted. Technology has become an integral part of society’s everyday information
environment. For the ‘Net Generation’ of users (born after 1985) technology is
transparent and a part of their social, economic and educational landscape
(Combes, 2006).
While
information seeking behavior remains a fundamental method for coping with our
environment and day-to-day problems, the skills required to access information
are becoming increasingly diverse and reflect the complexity of both the
technology being used to store, retrieve and disseminate information and the
multiple delivery formats. For students and youngsters growing up in the Net
Generation, information seeking is a complex cognitive, physical and social
behavior that requires proficiency in a wide ranging set of skills that is
constantly evolving. Successful participation in society for students and
youngsters of the Net Generation will depend on their ability to navigate in a
global knowledge economy where access and being able to use information to
generate new knowledge are key attributes (Combes, 2006). More than half, about
53% of internet users are between the age of 18 to 44 (Jones and Fox, 2009).
However, the older
generation of internet users, were not brought up in the same environment as
their younger counterparts. This, in a way has put the older internet users in
a tensed situation whenever they find themselves in an IT environment. In the
beginning, the earlier internet users among the older generation had a phobia towards
IT complicating their use and subsequent benefit to be derived thereof from its
usage. However, things have now changed and the older generation are now using
internet more for e-commerce including banking and shopping online (Jones,
2009). Members
of the older generation are most likely to bank, shop, and seek health
information online, according to Pew Research Center's Internet & American
Life Project (Jones & Fox, 2009).
This paper will report the descriptive findings of the study on internet usage by Malays living in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, a semi-urban town in the North East of peninsular Malaysia.
Literature Review
There is a kind of new revolution in the making, IT revolution.
Castells (2000) argues that the current process of technological transformation
expands exponentially because of its ability to create an interface between
technological fields through common digital language in which information is
generated, stored, retrieved, processed, and transmitted. In the words of
Castells (2000, p. 29), “the IT revolution is as major an historical event as
was the eighteenth- century industrial revolution, inducing a pattern of
discontinuity in the material basis of economy, society, and culture”. At the
core of this IT revolution is the internet. The creation and development of the
internet in the last three decades on the twentieth century resulted from a
unique blending of military strategy, big science corporation, technological
entrepreneurship, and countercultural innovation (Abbate, 1999; Naughton, 1999;
Hart et al, 1992).
Järvelin and Ingwersen
(2004) discuss the research into information seeking and its directions at a
general level. Their approach was by analysis and argumentation based on past
research in the domain. They begin by presenting a general model of information
seeking and retrieval which is used to derive nine broad dimensions that are
needed to analyze information seeking and retrieval. Past research is then
contrasted with the dimensions and shown not to cover the dimensions
sufficiently. Based on an analysis of the goals of information seeking
research, and a view on human task performance augmentation, they argued that information
seeking is intimately associated with, and dependent on, other aspects of work;
tasks and technology included. They therefore proposed two action lines viz. information
retrieval research needs extension toward more context and information seeking research
needs extension towards tasks and technology.
Weiler
(2005) contends that information seeking has been
studied since the 1950s, but these early studies involved mostly the
information-seeking activities of researchers and scientists. Information seeking
has only been studied in the general population, and particularly within
student groups, in the past 20 years or so. Weiler explored research in
information-seeking behavior, motivation, critical thinking, and learning theory
and compared in a search for possible motivating factors behind students’ dependence
on television and the Internet for their information needs. The research
indicates that only a very small percentage of the general population prefer to
learn by reading.
Combes (2006) observes
that technology has become an integral part of society’s everyday information
environment. Children growing up during what has been called the technological
or digital revolution have never known a world without instantaneous
communication and easy access to vast quantities of information using multiple
formats, text types, graphics and multimedia. Combes further points out that ror
the ‘Net Generation’ (born after 1985) of users and consumers who are
surrounded by information, technology is transparent and a part of their
social, economic and educational landscape. Among the terms use to describe
young people in major educational policy documents and population studies
worldwide include the terms tech-savvy, web-savvy, Internet-savvy and computer-savvy
While educators recognise that their students have a different culture of use
when using and seeking information delivered electronically, they struggle to
come to terms with the changes the integration of technology brings to the
teaching-learning environment. The implications for educators, teacher
librarians and librarians being raised in current research on the information
seeking of the Net Generation, is whether students have an
intuitive/instinctive grasp of how to access and use electronic information or
is this just an illusion borne of familiarity with the technology? Combes proposes
a leadership role for libraries and their personnel in designing programs to
ensure that young people have adequate information skills that will enable them
to use evolving technologies effectively and efficiently when searching for information.
Jones (2009) argues
that contrary to
popular belief, older generations are as active online as members of younger
generation in some respects. Members of older generation are most likely to
bank, shop, and seek health information online, according to Pew Research
Center's Internet & American Life Project. The findings were based on surveys
taken from 2006 to 2008. However, younger
generations continue to dominate the Internet, and more than half the adult
Internet population is between 18 and 44 years old. The study also reveal that
the younger internet users are more likely to turn to entertainment, social
networks and for communicating with friends and family.
From the brief literature review, we can see how the information and communication technology has expanded and permeated almost every aspect of our societal life. Information seeking has taken a different format whereby the people now use the internet as information tool. We also have to bear in mind the skills of the people, especially the younger generation in using the internet. Do they have the right skills or are they just net oriented as against being net savvy. When it comes to internet usage, the nature of use also differs from the younger to the older users. The older uses mainly use the internet for e-commerce that is banking and shopping while the younger users use for entertainment and social usage.
Methodology
This study used the survey research method to obtain data from the
Malay population in Kota Bharu, to ascertain the nature of information seeking
and internet usage. This study used
purposive sampling focusing on the respondents who are already using the
Internet. Three sampling components were used and comprised of the age, gender
and occupation components. The age component consists of three groups
comprising 19-30, 31- 40 and 41+. For
the occupation component the respondents were categorised into four groups viz.
government servants, government linked companies, private businesses and
students. For the younger Malay internet users the age is between 19 to 39 and
40 and above for the older Malay internet users.
A questionnaire was used to collect data for this study. The questionnaires were distributed among the Malay internet users in Kota Bharu in the last week of January 2008. Some 400 questionnaires were distributed. A total of 365 answered questionnaires were collected, three weeks later. Out of which 357 were usable giving a return rate of 91.25%. For this paper only the descriptive analysis was used.
Findings
The Young Malay Internet Users
Out of the total 357 respondents, 225 are younger Malay internet
users aged between 19 to 39 years. Some 120 of the younger users are males
representing 53.3 % and 105 (46.7%) are females. In terms of age, 133 (59%) of
the respondents belong to the 19–29 age group and form the majority while those
in the 30-39 age group, represent 92 of the respondents and form 41% of the 225
younger Malay users.
Majority of the younger respondents 128 (56.9%), are
employed. Of this number, 10 (4.4%) are self-employed. Students make up 97
(43.1%) of the respondents. The students comprise of matriculation, diploma,
undergraduate and postgraduate students.
Academically, majority of the younger respondents, 40.4%
have SPM, followed by those with a bachelor’s degree, 33.8%. This represents
fairly educated respondents. The results also show that there is wide use of
Internet across different educational backgrounds among the younger Malay
internet users in Kota Bharu.
In terms of household income, the average household
income is between RM2000 to 3000. This means the working respondents (128) can
be categorized as belonging to the middle class in Malaysia (Tori 2003).
Newspaper and Internet both emerged the main sources of
information with 96.9% of the younger Malay respondents using them as sources
of information. This is followed by TV (88.4%). Radio followed TV with 67.1%
and Magazine is the fourth main source with 63.1% while Book is the least
source with 56.4%. This is an interesting discovery as Internet has over taken
television and radio as main source of information and at par with newspaper.
This may be due to the dynamic and interactive nature of the Internet.
However, when the younger
Malay respondents were asked to rank the sources of information, television
overtook Internet as the second ranking for the respondents. Newspaper was
ranked number one. It is interesting to note that Internet has overtaken radio
in ranking as a source of information. It was also closed to the first and
second ranking which are Newspaper and Television respectively as the scores
revealed.
Computer ownership among the younger Malay respondents
is very high as 91.1% of the respondents have their own computer. Of the 8.9%
of respondents who do not own a computer, a large number (6.2%) use computer at
the cyber cafes. This is followed by 5.3% who use computer at the office. As
criteria for inclusion in the research, a respondent must use a computer and
therefore all the respondents use computer.
More than two thirds
of the younger Malay respondents, 181 (80.4%) acquired their Internet usage
skills through informal learning that is self taught and learning from friends.
About half, 116 (51.6%) of these respondents have Internet connection at home.
Of the 109 (48.4%) respondents who had no Internet connection at home, 55
(24.4%) gave expensive monthly access fees as the reason for not having
Internet connection at home. 50 (22.2%) said they had no telephone line. There
were those who were afraid of their children being exposed to pornography and
they made up 21 (9.3%) of the younger Malay respondents who had no Internet
connection at home. The lack of computer at home was also one of the reasons as
30 (13.3%) said they had no computer at home. This did not mean that they had
no computer at all. Some of the respondents, especially the students use their
computers or laptops at college or university.
Interestingly there were still some younger Malay respondents, 8 (3.6%)
who think it is not very important to have Internet connection at home.
Of the six places
where they usually use the Internet, 123 (54.7%) use the Internet at the office
and computer laboratory at college or university. 107 (47.6%) of the
respondents use the Internet at home, while 98 (43.6%) use at Cyber Café.
More than half of the
younger Malay respondents, 171 (76%) have been using the Internet for two to
eight years. On the nature of usage, 144 (64%) of the respondents said they
have been using the Internet on and off, while 81 (36%) said their usage has
been continuous.
Majority of these
respondents, 184 (81.8%) use the Internet one to four hours a day. Another
interesting finding is on the future usage of Internet by the respondents. 89
(39.6%) of the respondents said they will increase their usage of the Internet,
while 39 (17.3%) said they will maintain their usage. 88 (39.1%) of the
respondents said they were not sure.
Email is the main purpose of using the Internet with 193 (85.8%) of the younger Malay respondents using the Internet for this purpose. This is followed closely by reading newspaper and searching for information, 189 (84%) while education related usage is the third main purpose of usage with 137 (60.9%) using the Internet for this purpose. The least purpose of usage is shopping online, 35 (15.6%) respondents and credit card payment, 28 (12.4%).
The Older Malay Internet Users
There were 132 older Malay respondents of which 59 are males representing
44.7% and 73 (55.3%) are females. In terms of age, 96 (72.7%) of these
respondents belong to the 40–49 age group and form the majority while those in
the 50 and above represent 36 of the respondents and made 27.3 % of the older Malay Internet users.
All the older respondents were employed and 6.1% (8)
were self-employed. There were no students among the older Malay Internet
users. Academically, majority of the respondents, 51.5% (68) have SPM, followed
by those with a bachelor’s degree, 15.9% (21) and Diploma, 14.4% (19). Some 12.9%
(17) of the older Malay respondents have master degree while only 1 respondent
has a PhD. This represents fairly educated respondents. The results also show
that there is wide use of Internet across different educational backgrounds
among the older Malay Internet users in Kota Bharu.
In terms of income, the average household income is
between RM3000 to 4000. This means the older respondents can be categorized as
belonging to the middle class in Malaysia (Tori 2003).
Newspaper emerged as the main source of information with
94.7% (125) of the respondents using this medium as source of information. This
is closely followed by TV (93.9%). Internet was the third main source of
information for the respondents as 84.8% (112) of the respondents use this new
media to get information. The fourth main source of information was radio with
73.5% (97). Magazine and book followed suit. It is an interesting development
to note that Internet has over taken radio as main source of information. This
may be due to the dynamic and interactive nature of the Internet.
When the older Malay respondents
were asked to rank the sources of information, newspaper was ranked first,
television was second and Internet got the third ranking.
Computer ownership among the older Malay respondents was
very high as 90.9% of the respondents have their own computer. Of the 9.1% of
the older Malay respondents who do not own a computer, a large number (6.1%)
use computer at the office or place of work.
This is followed by 3.0% who use computer at the cyber café. As criteria
for inclusion in the research, a respondent must use a computer and therefore
all the respondents use computer.
More than two thirds
of the respondents, 101 (76.5%) acquired their Internet usage skills through
informal learning that is self taught and learning from friends.
Only less than half
(37.1%) of the older Malay respondents had Internet connection at home. Of the
83 (62.9%) respondents who had no Internet connection at home, 19 (14.4%) gave
expensive monthly access fees as the reason for not having Internet connection
at home. 25 (18.9%) said they had no telephone line. There were those who were
afraid of their children being exposed to pornography and they made up 25
(18.9%) of the respondents who had no Internet connection at home. The lack of computer
at home was also one of the reasons as 6 (4.5%) said they had no computer at
home. This did not mean that they had no computer at all. Some of the
respondents, especially the students use their computers or laptops at college
or university. Interestingly there were still respondents, 5 (3.8%) who think
it is not very important to have Internet connection at home.
Of the six places
where the older Malay respondents usually use the Internet, 103 (78%) use the
Internet at the office and computer laboratory at college or university. Some
85 (64%) of these respondents use the Internet at home, while 30 (22.7%) use at
Cyber Café.
More than two thirds
of the respondents, 102 (77.2%) have been using the Internet for two to eight
years. On the frequency of usage, 83 (62.9%) of the respondents said they have
been using the Internet on and off, while 49 (37.1%) said their usage has been
continuous.
Majority of the older
Malay respondents, 105 (79.6%) use the Internet one to three hours a day. On
the future usage of Internet by these respondents, 58 (43.9%) said they will
increase their usage, while 24 (18.2%) said they will maintain their usage. 48
(36.4%) of the respondents said they were not sure.
Email is the main purpose of using the Internet with 97 (73.5%) of these respondents using the Internet for this purpose. This is followed closely by reading newspaper and searching for information, 94 (71.2%) while work related usage emerged as the third main purpose of usage with 88 (66.7%) using the Internet for this purpose. The least purpose of usage is shopping online, 24 (18.2%).
Discussions and Implications
The younger generation
and likewise generation Y students, will usually go to the Internet first,
whether it be for personal, academic, or professional information. This has been
confirmed again and again in research studies such as John Lubans’ various
studies at Duke University from 1997 to the present (Weiler, 2005). For the older
users as the present study revealed, they tend to give priority to their work
and therefore their usage is more towards work related than education.
Moreover, the present study also shows that majority of the younger generation
use the internet for their information source than the older internet users.
This is reflected in the percentage of the Malay users who have internet
connection at home. Only
37.1% of the older Malay respondents had Internet connection at home and 51.6%
for the younger users.
The
nature of use coupled with the priority and purpose of use differ from the
young and older Malay internet users. Thus the generational difference is
reflected in these aspects.
D’Esposito and
Gardner found in 1999 that 40–50% of the subjects in their study used the
Internet on a weekly basis, and the Pew Internet study in 2002 found that 71%
of college students said they used the Internet as a major source of information
(Weiler, 2005). The findings from the Pew Internet study is supported by this study
where the main source of information for the younger Malays was the internet as
96.9% use the internet as their main source of information, whereas for the
older generation of internet users, newspaper was the main source of
information.
Only 20% of the younger Malay
internet users, as compared to 24% of the older users, had a formal training in
using the internet. This calls for formal training, especially for the younger
Malay users. With proper training for using the internet and appropriate search
techniques, using the internet for searching for information would be much
easier and more beneficial as it will lead to retrieving the required and right
information thus making their search more productive. The finding of this study
is in congruent with the finding by Margam Madhusudhan (2007) that Forty-three per cent of the older research
scholars in university of Delhi reported insufficient training for internet
usage.
It is also evident from the present
study that more of the younger generation have their own internet connection at
home. More than fifty percent of the younger Malay internet users, as compared
to 37.1% of the older Malay internet users, have internet connection at home.
What this means is that more young users are connected to the internet than the
older generation. Similar to this study, the Pew Internet and American Life
Project reported fifty-three percent of 18-44 years old are using the internet,
compared to only twenty-two percent of 45-54 years old (Fox & Jones, 2009).
More of the younger Malay internet
users use the internet more hours a day than the older users. About three-fourth of the younger users use
the internet one to four hours a day, whereas about the same figure of the
older generation uses the internet one to three hours a day. We are not far
from right when we say the younger Malay internet users are somehow internet
oriented or savvy than the older users. The younger Malay users in this study
belong to the Generation Y and X whose percentage of internet using population
is quite large.
More of the younger
Malay generation, as compared to the older generation, mainly use internet for
the purpose of sending and receiving email. It is also evident from the study
that the younger Malay internet users use the internet more for education than
they do for work. For the older users, work related usage of the internet is
rather more prominent than education.
The current technological revolution is not
characterized by the centrality of knowledge and information, but rather the
application of such knowledge and information to knowledge generation and
information processing/communication devices, in a cumulative feedback loop
between innovation and the uses of innovation (Castells, 2000). Thus the
effective use of the internet in our everyday lives is very crucial to
benefiting from it by way of generating new knowledge. As this study reveals,
the young generation of Malay internet users use the internet to get
educational information and in process generate new knowledge by processing
this information.
The older generation on the other hand, uses the
internet more for work, apart from email communication, than for education. As
Castells (2000) argues that the new information technologies allow for the
decentralization of work tasks and for their coordination in an interactive
network of communication in real time, be it between continents or between
floors of the same building.
Carnoy (2000) differentiates four elements in the
emergence of flexible patterns of work which came about as a result of the
transformation of working arrangements due to technology, particularly the
internet. Two of these elements are worth examining and they include working
time and location. Work is now flexible and it is not constrained to by the traditional
pattern of 35-40 hours work per week for a full time job, meaning one can work
outside these office hours. Also while the majority of workers still work
regularly at the workplace of their company, an increasing proportion of
workers work outside their workplace for part or all of their working time,
whether at home or on the move. Over the
years, information technology and the internet has contributed a great deal in
the way people work. In assisting workers with their work, it provides information
needed by workers for their work as the present study of Malay internet users
shows.
The results also show
that Internet access fees is a deterrent to having internet connection at home
as almost half of the younger Malay internet users who had no internet
connection at home, gave this as the main reason. However, for the older
respondents, almost two-thirds have no internet connection at home. For this
group of people, the main reasons for not having internet at home are lack of
telephone line and the fear that their children may be exposed to pornography.
For them internet access fees is not a deterrent as most of them are working.
Whereas for the younger users, a number of them were still studying and they
might not have the budget for internet access.
Internet access fees
need to be reduced to a minimum or an affordable level to enable more people to
have internet connection at home, especially the younger generation. At the
same time the issue of pornography should not be taken lightly among the older
users.
Moreover, from the discussions it is therefore imperative for organizations and authorities to facilitate the use of the internet and its related technology for their workers so they benefit from such use, especially the older generation. For the younger generation, especially those who are still studying either at the undergraduate or postgraduate level, they require the internet for their study. Therefore, educational institutions, apart from providing the internet, need to make available sites that can help the students in their research. So far some local universities have provided online journal for their students. The UKM library, for example, has online journal where students can access Scopus and other online journals. A proposal by Combes (2006) for a leadership role for libraries and their personnel in designing programs to ensure that young people have adequate information skills that will enable them to use evolving technologies effectively and efficiently when searching for information is therefore congruent to the findings of this study on young Malay internet users.
Conclusion and suggestions
Generational difference between the young and older Malay internet
users is somehow reflected in the way both use the internet. Email still
remains the main purpose of usage for both the old and young. However, more of
the young use email than the older users. Also the younger users use internet
more than the older generation as the hours of usage show.
The priority in internet usage differs from the young to
the old viz. educational and work related use, respectively. Augmenting this
use to help in information search and use is crucial for benefiting from ICT in
general and the internet in particular. This is where IT education and training
becomes pertinent. As in the case of the Malay internet users, majority of them
acquired their internet skills form self taught and learning from friends. They
did not have a formal training and this may not augur well to their benefiting
from the information search be it for education, health or political
information.
It is highly likely that internet resources are under-utilized by
the Malay users due to poor or lack of orientation and training. As Combes (2006) noted regarding the internet
generation or the younger internet users, they may not be savvy enough but rather
just net oriented.
Therefore all stakeholders and authorities concern
should do their part in providing the necessary training skills in the areas
most needed by a particular generation of internet users. This could be done in
the form of Multimedia Presentation (Flash) for Internet resources, online library
orientation and Internet searching, to improve motivation towards efficient and
effective use of Internet, Internet-based library services, resources, etc. Falling short of this may result in losing the benefits which can be
derived from the internet. The results of this survey and others also point to
the need for more research on the best way to teach and train users on the
effective and productive ways on using internet services (Madhusudhan, 2007).
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